Timing might also affect the durability of peace after negotiated settlements. William Zartman (ed.), Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1995) pp.22– 23, quoted in Spears (note 5) p.106.ħ. Marina Ottaway, ‘Democratization in Collapsed States’, in I. Spears, ‘Understanding Inclusive Peace Agreements in Africa: The Problems of Sharing Power’, Third World Quarterly 21/1 (2000) p.106.Ħ. Rice, US Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, Statement before the Sub-Committee on Africa, House International Relations Committee, Washington DC, 15 Sept. Jimmy Carter, ‘The Case for Engagement: An Interview with President Jimmy Carter’, in Robert Ricigliano (ed.), Choosing to Engage: Armed Groups and Peace Processes. See, for example, former US President Jimmy Carter's statements to this effect. Weinstein, ‘Autonomous Recovery and International Intervention in Comparative Perspective’, Center for Global Development, Working Paper No.57, 2005.Ĥ. See Monica Duffy Toft, ‘Peace Through Security: Making Negotiated Settlements Stick’, paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the International Studies Association, 22–26 March 2006, San Diego, CA Jeremy M. For example, Virginia Page Fortna, ‘Where Have All the Victories Gone? War Outcomes in Historical Perspective’, paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the International Studies Association, 1–5 March 2005, Honolulu, HI.ģ. See Lise Morje Howard, ‘The Rise and Decline of the Norm of Negotiated Settlement’, paper presented at Georgetown Junior Faculty Workshop on Intervention, 23–24 Oct.
Howard quotes these figures from the Correlates of War dataset. A different dataset reveals that before the 1989 increase in internationally supported power-sharing agreements, that only one of 168 intrastate wars, or less than one per cent, ended in negotiated settlement. In most others, negotiations occurred but failed. A dataset compiled by Michael Doyle and Nicolas Sambanis reveals that after 1989, 38 of 54, or 70 per cent, of civil wars ended by negotiated settlement.
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